Mathematical Functions

Sep 19, 2023
12 minutes to read

This document describes mathematical and trigonometry functions supported by the non-visual Spreadsheet component.

Name

Description

Syntax

ABS

Returns the absolute value of a number. The absolute value of a number is the number without its sign.

ABS(number)

ACOS

Returns the arccosine, or inverse cosine, of a number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range 0 (zero) to pi.

ACOS(number)

The argument must be from -1 to 1.

ACOSH

Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number. The number must be greater than or equal to 1.

ACOSH(number)

ACOT

Returns the inverse cotangent (the arccotangent) of a number.

ACOT(number)

ACOTH

Returns the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of a number.

ACOTH(number)

AGGREGATE

Returns an aggregate in a list or database.

Reference form: AGGREGATE(function_num, options, ref1, [ref2], …)

Array form: AGGREGATE(function_num, options, array, [k])

The function_num argument specifies which function to use.

function_num	Function	Form
1	AVERAGE	Reference
2	COUNT	Reference
3	COUNTA	Reference
4	MAX	Reference
5	MIN	Reference
6	PRODUCT	Reference
7	STDEV.S	Reference
8	STDEV.P	Reference
9	SUM	Reference
10	VAR.S	Reference
11	VAR.P	Reference
12	MEDIAN	Reference
13	MODE.SNGL	Reference
14	LARGE	Array
15	SMALL	Array
16	PERCENTILE.INC	Array
17	QUARTILE.INC	Array
18	PERCENTILE.EXC	Array
19	QUARTILE.EXC	Array

The options argument defines which values to ignore during calculation.

Options	Behavior
0 or omitted	Ignore nested SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE functions.
1	Ignore hidden rows, nested SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE functions.
2	Ignore error values, nested SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE functions.
3	Ignore hidden rows, error values, nested SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE functions.
4	Ignore nothing.
5	Ignore hidden rows.
6	Ignore error values.
7	Ignore hidden rows and error values.

Ref1, [ref2], … specify numeric arguments for the function when the reference form is used (you can supply up to 253 ref arguments).

The array argument specifies an array, an array formula, or a reference to a cell range when the array form is used. [k] is the second argument required for the following functions: LARGE, SMALL, PERCENTILE.INC, QUARTILE.INC, PERCENTILE.EXC, and QUARTILE.EXC.

ARABIC

Converts a Roman numeral to an Arabic numeral.

ARABIC(text)

ASIN

Returns the arcsine, or inverse sine, of a number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to pi/2.

ASIN(number)

The argument must be in the range of -1 to 1.

ASINH

Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number.

ASINH(number)

ATAN

Returns the arctangent, or inverse tangent, of a number. The returned angle is given in radians in the range -pi/2 to pi/2.

ATAN(number)

ATAN2

Calculates the arctangent (or inverse tangent) of the specified x- and y-coordinates. The returned angle is given in radians between -pi and pi, excluding -pi.

ATAN2(x_num, y_num)

ATANH

Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number. The number must be between -1 and 1 (excluding -1 and 1).

ATANH(number)

BASE

Converts a number into text representation with a given base.

BASE(number, radix [min_length])

The number must be a positive integer less than 2^53. Radix is the base that you want to convert the number into. Must be an integer greater than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 36. Min_length is the minimum length of the returned string. If this parameter is specified, leading zeros are added to the result if necessary.

CEILING

Returns a number rounded up, away from zero, to the nearest multiple of significance.

CEILING(number, significance)

The number is the value to round, the significance is the multiple to which you want to round. If the number is negative, and the significance is negative, the value is rounded down, away from zero. If the number is negative, and the significance is positive, the value is rounded up towards zero.

CEILING.MATH

Rounds a number up to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance.

CEILING.MATH(number, [significance], [mode])

The number is the value to round, the optional significance parameter is the multiple to which you want to round. The optional mode parameter affects negative numbers only and specifies whether the number is rounded toward or away from zero.

CEILING.PRECISE

Returns a number that is rounded up to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance.

CEILING.PRECISE(number, [significance])

COMBIN

Returns the number of combinations for a given number of items.

COMBIN(number, number_chosen)

Number is the total number of items, and number_chosen is the number of items in each combination.

COMBINA

Returns the number of combinations (with repetitions) for a given number of items.

COMBINA(number, number_chosen)

Number is the total number of items, and number_chosen is the number of items in each combination.

COS

Returns the cosine of an angle specified in radians.

COS(number)

COSH

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.

COSH(number)

COT

Returns the cotangent of an angle specified in radians.

COT(number)

COTH

Return the hyperbolic cotangent of a number.

COTH(number)

CSC

Returns the cosecant of an angle specified in radians.

CSC(number)

CSCH

Returns the hyperbolic cosecant of an angle specified in radians.

CSCH(number)

DECIMAL

Converts text representation of a number in a given base into a decimal number.

DECIMAL(text, radix)

DEGREES

Converts radians into degrees.

DEGREES(angle)

EVEN

Returns a number rounded up to the nearest even integer.

EVEN(number)

Regardless of the sign of the number, the value is rounded up when adjusted away from zero. If the number is an even integer, no rounding occurs.

EXP

Returns e raised to the power of number. The constant e equals 2.71828, the base of the natural logarithm.

EXP(number)

FACT

Returns the factorial of a number.

FACT(number)

The number is nonnegative. If the number is not an integer, it is truncated.

FACTDOUBLE

Returns the double factorial of a number.

FACTDOUBLE(number)

FLOOR

Rounds a number down, toward zero, to the nearest multiple of significance.

FLOOR(number, significance)

The number is the value to round, and the significance is the multiple to which you want to round.

FLOOR.MATH

Rounds a number down to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance.

FLOOR.MATH(number, [significance], [mode])

The number is the value to round, and the significance is the multiple to which you want to round. The optional mode parameter specifies the direction (toward or away from 0) to round negative numbers).

FLOOR.PRECISE

Rounds a number down to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance. Regardless of the sign of the number, the number is rounded down.

FLOOR.PRECISE(number, [significance])

GCD

Returns the greatest common divisor of two or more integers.

GCD(number1, [number2], …)

INT

Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.

INT(number)

ISO.CEILING

Returns a number that is rounded up to the nearest integer or to the nearest multiple of significance.

ISO.CEILING(number, [significance])

The number is the value to round, and the optional significance is the multiple to which you want to round. If the significance is omitted, the default value is 1.

LCM

Returns the least common multiple of integers.

LCM(number1, [number2], …)

Returns the natural logarithm of a number.

LN(number)

The number is the positive real number.

LOG

Returns the logarithm of a number to the base you specify.

LOG(number, [base])

The number is the positive real number. The base parameter is the base of the logarithm. If it is omitted, the base is assumed to be 10.

LOG10

Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number.

LOG10(number)

The number is the positive real number.

MDETERM

Returns the matrix determinant of an array.

MDETERM(array)

MINVERSE

Returns the inverse matrix for a matrix stored in an array.

MINVERSE(array)

MMULT

Returns the matrix product of two arrays. The result is an array with the same number of rows as array1 and the same number of columns as array2.

MMULT(array1, array2)

The number of columns in array1 must be the same as the number of rows in array2, and both arrays must contain only numbers.

MOD

Returns the remainder after a number is divided by a divisor.

MOD(number, divisor)

The number is the number for which to find the remainder, and the divisor is the number by which you want to divide the number. The result has the same sign as the divisor.

MROUND

Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple.

MROUND(number, multiple)

The number is the value to round, and the second parameter is the multiple to which you want to round the number. The function rounds up, away from zero, if the remainder of dividing the number by multiple is greater than or equal to half the value of the multiple.

MUNIT

Returns the unit matrix for the specified dimension.

MUNIT(dimension)

MULTINOMIAL

Returns the multinomial of a set of numbers.

MULTINOMIAL(number1, [number2], …)

ODD

Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer.

ODD(number)

Returns the number 3.14159265358979, the mathematical constant pi, accurate to 15 digits.

PI()

POWER

Returns the result of a number raised to a power.

POWER(number, power)

The number is a real number, and the power is the exponent to which the number is raised. You can use the “^” operator instead.

PRODUCT

Multiplies all numbers given as arguments and returns the product.

PRODUCT(number1, [number2], …)

If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in the array or reference are multiplied. Empty cells, logical values, and text are ignored.

QUOTIENT

Returns the integer portion of a division.

QUOTIENT(numerator, denominator)

RADIANS

Converts degrees to radians.

RADIANS(angle)

RAND

Returns an evenly distributed random real number greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1. A new random real number is returned every time the worksheet is calculated.

RAND()

RANDBETWEEN

Returns a random integer number between the numbers you specify. A new random integer number is returned every time the worksheet is calculated.

RANDBETWEEN(bottom, top)

ROMAN

Converts an arabic numeral to roman, as text.

ROMAN(number, [form])

ROUND

Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.

ROUND(number, num_digits)

If num_digits is 0, the number is rounded to the nearest integer. If num_digits is greater than 0, the number is rounded to the specified number of decimal places. If num_digits is less than 0, the number is rounded to the left of the decimal point.

ROUNDDOWN

Rounds a number down (toward zero) to a specified number of digits.

ROUNDDOWN(number, num_digits)

If num_digits is 0, the number is rounded down to the nearest integer. If num_digits is greater than 0, the number is rounded down to the specified number of decimal places. If num_digits is less than 0, the number is rounded down to the left of the decimal point.

ROUNDUP

Rounds a number up (away from zero) to a specified number of digits.

ROUNDUP(number, num_digits)

If num_digits is 0, the number is rounded up to the nearest integer. If num_digits is greater than 0, the number is rounded up to the specified number of decimal places. If num_digits is less than 0, the number is rounded up to the left of the decimal point.

SEC

Returns the secant of an angle specified in radians.

SEC(number)

SECH

Returns the hyperbolic secant of an angle specified in radians.

SECH(number)

SERIESSUM

Returns the sum of a power series based on the formula.

SERIESSUM(x, n, m, coefficients)

SIGN

Determines the sign of a number. Returns 1 if the number is positive, zero (0) if the number is 0, and -1 if the number is negative.

SIGN(number)

SIN

Returns the sine of an angle specified in radians.

SIN(number)

SINH

Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.

SINH(number)

SQRT

Returns a positive square root.

SQRT(number)

SQRTPI

Multiplies a specified number by pi and returns the square root of the product.

SQRTPI(number)

SUBTOTAL

Returns a subtotal in a list or database.

SUBTOTAL(function_num,ref1,[ref2],…)

Function_num is the number that specifies the calculation type. Possible values for the function_num argument are listed in the following table:

function_num (include hidden values)	function_num (ignore hidden values)	Function
1	101	AVERAGE
2	102	COUNT
3	103	COUNTA
4	104	MAX
5	105	MIN
6	106	PRODUCT
7	107	STDEV
8	108	STDEVP
9	109	SUM
10	110	VAR
11	111	VARP

SUM

Adds all numbers that you specify as arguments.

SUM(number1,[number2],…)

Each argument can be a range, a cell reference, an array, a constant, a formula, or the result from another function. If an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are counted. Empty cells, logical values, or text are ignored.

SUMIF

Adds cells specified by a given condition or criterion.

SUMIF(range, criteria, [sum_range])

Range is the range of cells you want evaluated by criteria. Criteria is a number, expression, cell reference, text, or function that defines which cells to add. The optional sum_range parameter specifies the actual cells to add. If it is omitted, cells specified in the range argument are added.

SUMIFS

Sums all cells that meet multiple criteria.

SUMIFS(sum_range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2], …)

Sum_range is the range of cells to sum. Criteria_range is the cell range in which to evaluate the specified criteria. The criteria is a number, expression, cell reference or text that defines which cells in the criteria_range argument should be added.

SUMPRODUCT

Returns the sum of the products of the corresponding ranges or arrays.

=SUMPRODUCT(array1, [array2], [array3], …)

The array arguments must have the same dimensions. Array entries that are not numeric are treated as zeros.

SUMSQ

Returns the sum of the squares of the arguments.

SUMSQ(number1, number2, …)

You can also use a single array or a reference to an array instead of arguments separated by commas. Empty cells, logical values, text, or error values in the array or reference are ignored.

SUMX2MY2

Returns the sum of the difference of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.

SUMX2MY2(array_x, array_y)

SUMX2PY2

Returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding values in two arrays.

SUMX2PY2(array_x, array_y)

SUMXMY2

Returns the sum of squares of differences of corresponding values in two arrays.

SUMXMY2(array_x, array_y)

TAN

Returns the tangent of an angle specified in radians.

TAN(angle)