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Deployment Troubleshooting Guide

  • 23 minutes to read

This topic lists common deployment issues and ways to resolve them when the application runs as intended on the Developer Workstation.

ASP.NET Core Blazor Specific Problems

The “An attempt to load the “DevExpress.Drawing.v24.1.Skia.dll” assembly failed.” error occurs on Linux and MacOS platforms.

Problem Description:

An application displays the following error message on Linux or MacOS:

An attempt to load the “DevExpress.Drawing.v24.1.Skia.dll” assembly failed.

Solution:

The DevExpress.Drawing.Skia assembly is a part of the DevExpress.Drawing.Skia NuGet package. Starting with .NET 6, the DevExpress.Drawing library uses the SkiaSharp drawing engine for Office API and Reports modules. To resolve this problem, install the DevExpress.Drawing.Skia NuGet package to your MySolutionName.Blazor.Server project.

Refer to the following topic for details: DevExpress.Drawing Graphics Library.


The “System.PlatformNotSupportedException: System.Drawing.Common is not supported on this platform.” error occurs on Linux and MacOS platforms.

Problem Description:

An application displays the following error message on Linux or MacOS:

System.PlatformNotSupportedException: System.Drawing.Common is not supported on this platform.

Solution:

Make sure that your project does not reference the System.Drawing.Common library v.7+. You also need to upgrade to the latest DevExpress component version that does not contain direct System.Drawing API calls.


Problems with documents rendering or exporting when using Reports module, Office module, or Dashboards module on Linux and MacOS platforms.

Problem Description:

An application with the Reports, Office or Dashboards module renders or exports documents incorrectly when deployed on Linux or MacOS.

Solution:

Ensure that all required libraries and packages are installed. Refer to the following topics for more information:


The “Could not find ‘xaf.focusViewItem’ (‘xaf’ was undefined).” error occurs.

Problem Description:

An application displays the following error message:

Could not find ‘xaf.focusViewItem’ (‘xaf’ was undefined).

Solution:

This error can occur if the application is being run with an incorrect working directory or from outside of its location. For example:

dotnet C:\Some\Path\MySolutionName.NET.EFCore\CS\MySolutionName.Blazor.Server\bin\Debug\net7.0\MySolutionName.Blazor.Server.dll

To resolve the problem, make sure that you run the application from its working directory:

dotnet MySolutionName.Blazor.Server.dll

For more information, refer to the following Microsoft topic: ASP.NET Core Blazor static files.


A deployed application loses styles or displays other scripting errors in production.

Problem Description:

An application loses styles applied to its elements or displays style-related scripting errors.

Solution:

This happens when a Blazor application cannot load scripts and styles from the content/DevExpress.Blazor folder. This folder stores static web assets (see also the UseStaticFiles call in Startup.cs). This problem usually occurs in Linux-based or Docker-based deployments due to DevExpress assemblies that are incorrectly integrated into a project. You need to use NuGet package references instead of assembly references because our NuGet packages contain all the required static web assets in their staticwebassets folder (e.g., C:\Program Files\DevExpress 24.1\Components\Offline Packages\devexpress.blazor\24.1.7\staticwebassets).


The “The application cannot connect to the specified database, because the database doesn’t exist, its version is older than that of the application, or its schema does not match the ORM data model structure.” error occurs.

Problem Description:

An application displays one of the following error messages:

  • The application cannot connect to the specified database, because the database doesn’t exist, its version is older than that of the application, or its schema does not match the ORM data model structure.

  • Login failed for UserName. User name or password is incorrect.

Solution:

You need to initialize a database and populate it with initial data.

Applications Deployed to Azure

For applications deployed to Azure, follow the steps below:

  1. Open the Azure Portal.
  2. Click App Services.

    DevExpress XAF - Azure Portal

  3. Click your App Service name.

  4. Click Advanced Tools and follow the Go link.

    DevExpress XAF - Azure Portal Settings

  5. Switch to the Bash tab and launch the application in the database update mode.

    dotnet ~/site/wwwroot/MainDemo.Blazor.Server.dll --updateDatabase --force --silent
    

Other Applications

In common cases, to initialize a database, run the application in database update mode:

dotnet MySolutionName.Blazor.Server.dll --updateDatabase --forceUpdate –silent

Make sure that this mode is available in the configuration the application was built (Debug or Release). If you changed the schema of an existing database, use EF Core migrations.


The “Could not copy PackagePath to AnotherPackagePath. Exceeded retry count of 10. Failed.” error occurs.

Problem Description:

An application displays the following error message:

Could not copy PackagePath to AnotherPackagePath. Exceeded retry count of 10. Failed.

Solution:

This problem usually occurs because the file path is too long. To solve this, move the folder containing your application closer to the root of your drive.


Windows Forms Specific Problems

The “application failed to initialize properly” error message is displayed

Problem Description:

Windows displays an Application Error window with the following text.

The application failed to initialize properly (0xc0000135). Click OK to terminate the application.

Solution:

This may happen if you try to launch an XAF Windows Forms application at the workstation with Windows XP or an older Windows version installed. These systems do not have Microsoft .NET Framework installed by default. Download and install the correct version of the .NET framework from the Microsoft Download Center.


The “could not load file or assembly” error message is displayed

Problem Description:

When loading, the application displays the following error message.

Deployment_Tutorial_0040

Could not load file or assembly ‘DevExpress.XtraTreeList.v9.2, Version=9.2.8.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b88d1754d700e49a’ or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specified.

Assembly name, version, etc., may be different.

The assembly mentioned in the error message is missing from the application folder. Copy it from the Developer Workstation. It is usually located in the %PROGRAMFILES%\DevExpress 24.1\Components\Bin\Framework folder.

See also: Xcopy Deployment of a Windows Forms Application | How the Runtime Locates Assemblies | Fuslogvw.exe (Assembly Binding Log Viewer)


An error message containing insufficient information is displayed

Problem Description:

When loading, the application displays an error message that looks like this.

Deployment_Tutorial_0050

Exception occurs while loading schema from DevExpress.ExpressApp.Win.SystemModule.SystemWindowsFormsModule The type initializer for ‘DevExpress.ExpressApp.Win.SystemModule.DefaultSkinListGenerator’ threw an exception.

The details of the message may be different. Generally, the message does not contain enough information on how to resolve the error.

Solution:

To find the cause of the error, open the application log file. The log file is a text file located in the application folder or in the user’s application data folder, and has the most recent modification time. Find the text matching the error message and analyze what happened before the error occurred. For instance, this error can be caused by a missing assembly. For details, see the next item.

See also: Xcopy Deployment of a Windows Forms Application | Log Files


Resolve the ‘DevExpress.Assembly.Name.vXX.X’ assembly Exception thrown: ‘System.IO.FileNotFoundException’

Problem Description:

The following text is written to the application log before a warning occurs:

Deployment_Tutorial_0060

10.03.22 12:35:36.750 Resolve the ‘DevExpress.Assembly.Name.vXX.X’ assembly Exception thrown: ‘System.IO.FileNotFoundException’ in mscorlib.dll

An assembly name and version may be different.

Solution:

Outdated records in the XPObjectType table cause these warnings. Use one of the following options to avoid them:

See also: Xcopy Deployment of a Windows Forms Application | Log Files


Logged errors are not available, although the application fails to start

Problem Description:

The application log file does not contain errors or you cannot find the log file, although the application fails to start; and it is not possible to determine exactly what happens from the displayed error message.

Solution:

Check that logging is enabled in the application configuration file. This is the <Application_Name>.Win.exe.config XML file located in the application folder. Open this file in a text editor and check that the TraceLogLocation key in the appSettings section is not set to None.

Check that the user account that you use to start the application has the appropriate permissions to write to the log file. For instance, Windows Vista does not allow non-administrative users to write anything to Program Files subfolders. To resolve this issue, you can do one of the following:

  • grant write permissions to a user;
  • run the application as an administrator;
  • open the configuration file and set the TraceLogLocation key in the appSettings section to CurrentUserApplicationDataFolder (each user has permission to write to their application data folder).

    <appSettings>
        <!-- ... -->
        <add key="TraceLogLocation" value="CurrentUserApplicationDataFolder"/>
        <!-- ... -->
    </appSettings>
    

Note

The default location of the application data folder varies in different Windows versions.

See also: Log Files | Application Configuration Files


Cannot store individual customizations in a multi-user environment

Problem Description:

A Windows Forms application is installed on a Terminal Server and multiple users use it simultaneously, or it is installed on an End-User Workstation with multiple local logins enabled. User customizations interfere with each other, making individual customizations impossible.

Solution:

Open the configuration file and set the UserModelDiffsLocation key in the appSettings section to CurrentUserApplicationDataFolder.

<appSettings>
    <!-- ... -->
    <add key="UserModelDiffsLocation" value="CurrentUserApplicationDataFolder"/>
    <!-- ... -->
</appSettings>

This allows each user to store individual customizations.

Another solution is provided in the How to: Store the Application Model Differences in the Database topic.

See also: Application Configuration Files


“Unable to save customization information” error is displayed on exit

Problem Description:

A Windows Forms application launches and runs normally, however the following error message is displayed on exit.

DTG_01

Unable to save customization information.

Solution:

Check that the user account used to start the application has appropriate permissions to write to the Model.User.xafml file. This file location is specified by the UserModelDiffsLocation key in the application configuration file. By default, the Model.User.xafml file is located in the application folder. Typically, non-administrative users have no permission to write anything to Program Files subfolders. To resolve this issue, you can do one of the following:

  • grant write permissions to a user;
  • open the configuration file and set the UserModelDiffsLocation key in the appSettings section to CurrentUserApplicationDataFolder (each user has permission to write to their application data folder).

See also: Application Configuration Files


The LogonParameters file is inaccessible

Problem Description:

The following error is displayed after clicking the Log On button.

Access to the path ‘C:\Program Files\MySolution\LogonParameters’ is denied.

Solution:

Check that the user account used to start the application has appropriate permissions to write to the LogonParameters file. This file is used to save the logon parameters (user name by default), and is located together with the Model.User.xafml file. The location is specified by the UserModelDiffsLocation key in the application configuration file. By default, the LogonParameters file is located in the application folder. Typically, non-administrative users do not have permission to write anything to Program Files subfolders. To resolve this issue, you can do one of the following:

  • grant a write permission to a user;
  • open the configuration file and set the UserModelDiffsLocation key in the appSettings section to CurrentUserApplicationDataFolder (each user has permission to write to their application data folder).

See also: Application Configuration Files


The application cannot find the Updater executable

Problem Description:

When loading, the application displays the following error message.

DTG_03

_Could not find file ‘\FILESERVER\MySolutionUpdateSource

\DevExpress.ExpressApp.Updater.exe’._

Solution:

The database was updated and an automatic update was initiated. The NewVersionServer value in the application configuration file is not empty. However, the Updater utility was not found. Check that the DevExpress.ExpressApp.Updater.exe file exists in the update source folder. You can get this file from the Developer Workstation (this file path is %PROGRAMFILES%\DevExpress 24.1\Components\Tools\eXpressAppFramework\DBUpdater\DBUpdater.v24.1.exe). Check that the NewVersionServer value is correct.

See also:Application Update | Application Configuration Files


The ‘1113’ error occurs

Problem Description:

When loading, the application displays the following error message.

DTG_02

An error with number 1113 has occurred. Error message: Cannot run the application. The database version is newer than the application version, but the server with the new application version is not found. Ask the administrator to check that the configuration file contains a correct path to the new application version.

Solution:

The database was updated and an automatic update was initiated. The NewVersionServer value in the application configuration file is not empty. However, the update source folder cannot be accessed. Ensure that the NewVersionServer key value is correct and that the shared folder referenced by it is accessible.

See also: Application Update | Application Configuration Files


“Cannot create temporary file” error message is displayed

Problem Description:

When loading, the application displays the following error message.

DTG_08

Cannot compile generated code. Please inspect generated code using this exception’s SourceCode property. The following errors occurred: (0,0): Cannot create temporary file ‘c:\Program Files\MySolution\CSC27CD.tmp’ – Access is denied.

Solution:

Starting with version v2011 vol 1, XAF can dynamically create assemblies at run time to cache the structure of Domain Components used in the application (see XAF – Core & Performance Improvements). This can be done, for instance, to store the Application Model Structure. By default, your application will try to create temporary files in the folder it is installed. If the application is not allowed to write to this folder, you will see an error message. To solve the issue, you can specify exact cache file names that the application will be allowed to create and modify. This is done by overriding XafApplication‘s protected GetDcAssemblyFilePath, GetModelAssemblyFilePath and GetModulesVersionInfoFilePath methods. Alternatively, you can override these methods to return null (Nothing in VB) to specify that caching should be disabled.

WinApplication.cs(WinApplication.vb)

public partial class MySolutionWindowsFormsApplication : WinApplication {
    //...
    protected override string GetDcAssemblyFilePath() {
        return null;
    }
    protected override string GetModelAssemblyFilePath() {
        return null;
    }
    protected override string GetModulesVersionInfoFilePath() {
        return null;
    }
}

See also: Domain Components Basics | Application Model Structure


User customizations are lost after updating the ClickOnce deployment

Problem Description:

A Windows Forms application is deployed using Publish Wizard Deployment of a Windows Forms Application. User customizations are lost each time the application is updated.

Solution:

The solution is the same as for the Cannot store individual customizations in a multi-user environment issue.


ASP.NET Web Forms Specific Problems

The server error occurs and error details are unavailable

Problem Description:

The error message is displayed in a browser window when trying to open an ASP.NET Web Forms application:

Deployment_Tutorial_1020

The details of this message can differ. For instance, it can be the “500 - Internal Server Error“ instead of the “404 - File Not Found“ error. Generally, the message does not contain enough information on how to resolve the error.

Solution:

Web Server error messages may contain information meant only for the developer and not for public access. That is why the display of unhandled error information is disabled in ISS by default. Launch the browser at the Web Server locally, and open your application, if possible. If you have no such access, modify the application Web.config file as shown below.

<system.web>
    <!-- ... -->
    <customErrors mode="Off" />
    <!-- ... -->
</system.web>

This will give you the ability to obtain a detailed error description at a remote browser (usually it will be a message about a missing assembly).

Note

It is recommended that you undo changes in the Web.config file after fixing a problem for security purposes.

See also: Xcopy Deployment of an ASP.NET Web Forms Application | Editing ASP.NET Web Forms Configuration Files | customErrors Element (ASP.NET Web Forms Settings Schema)


The error message states that an assembly could not be loaded

Problem Description:

The following error message is displayed in a browser window when you try to open an ASP.NET Web Forms application.

Deployment_Tutorial_1030

‘DevExpress.Web.ASPxTreeList.v9.2, Version=9.2.8.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b88d1754d700e49a’ could not be loaded.

Assembly name, version, etc., may be different.

Solution:

An assembly mentioned in the error message is missing from the application Bin subfolder. Copy it from the Developer Workstation. Usually, it is located in the %PROGRAMFILES%\DevExpress 24.1\Components\Bin\Framework folder.

See also: Xcopy Deployment of an ASP.NET Web Forms Application | Editing ASP.NET Web Forms Configuration Files | How the Runtime Locates Assemblies | Fuslogvw.exe (Assembly Binding Log Viewer)


The ‘500.22’ internal server error occurs

Problem Description:

The following error message is displayed in a browser window when you try to open an ASP.NET Web Forms application.

HTTP Error 500.22 - Internal Server Error. An ASP.NET Web Forms setting has been detected that does not apply in Integrated managed pipeline mode.

Solution:

Disable the integrated mode configuration validation in the system.webServer section of the Web.config file.

<system.webServer>
    <!-- ... -->
    <validation validateIntegratedModeConfiguration="false" />
    <!-- ... -->
</system.webServer>

See also: Editing ASP.NET Web Forms Configuration Files | IIS 7.0: validation Element (IIS Settings Schema)


Missing icons and images

Problem Description:

The ASP.NET Web Forms application loads and runs correctly, but most of the icons and images are missing.

Solution:

To find the cause of this issue, do the following.

  • Open the Web.config file located in the application folder. Ensure that the DevExpress.Utils.v24.1.dll, DevExpress.Web.ASPxThemes.v24.1.dll and DevExpress.Images.v24.1.dll assemblies are referenced in the assemblies section. Ensure that these assemblies are available in the Bin subfolder.
  • Navigate to your application virtual folder in the IIS Manager’s Connections section and double-click the Handler Mappings feature. Ensure that the ImageResourceHttpHandler handler is configured and enabled.
  • Right-click the application virtual folder in the IIS Manager’s Connections section. Choose Manage Application | Advanced Settings…. Note the Application Pool name selected in the Advanced Settings window. Navigate to the Application Pools node in the IIS Manager Connections section. Double-click the application pool name used in your application settings. It’s important that the Managed Pipeline Mode of the application pool is set to Integrated.

    Note

    If your application is deployed to remote web hosting, you may have no access to the IIS Manager. In this instance, use the hosting web-based control panel to check the application pool settings or contact hosting support.

See also: Editing ASP.NET Web Forms Configuration Files | Add a Managed Handler Mapping (IIS 7) | Managing Application Pools in IIS 7


The application does not open after changing the session state mode to StateServer or SQLServer

Problem Description:

After changing the session state mode to a mode different from InProc, various error messages are displayed in a browser window when trying to open an ASP.NET Web Forms application.

Solution:

The XafApplication class, as well as other XAF entities stored in the session, are not serializable. An XAF application cannot use the StateServer, SQLServer and Custom session state modes; use the InProc session state mode instead.

See also: Deployment Recommendations for ASP.NET Web Forms Applications | Editing ASP.NET Web Forms Configuration Files | sessionState Element


Issues when running ASP.NET Web Forms application

Problem Description:

The ASP.NET Web Forms application loads, but there are issues with running it.

Solution:

Check to confirm that XAF supports your browser. Refer to the XAF - Specifications page to see the list of supported browsers. Note that pop-up windows must be enabled in browser preferences.

Unexpected redirects to the logon page occur when running the ASP.NET Web Forms application

Problem Description:

The browser is redirected to the Login.aspx page when a user interacts with the ASP.NET Web Forms application.

Solution:

Open the Web.config file and verify the form’s authentication and session timeouts.

<authentication mode="Forms">
    <forms name="Login" loginUrl="Login.aspx" path="/" timeout="10" /> 
</authentication>
<!-- ... -->
<sessionState timeout="10" />

Increase these timeouts as you require. Session timeout governs the lifetime of an application. The authentication timeout specifies how frequently the logon window is displayed. If the session timeout is less than the authentication timeout, then the logon window is displayed only once - when the application starts. Then, after session timeout, the application will be unloaded. If you log in to the application again, but before authentication timeout, the logon window will not be displayed. If the authentication timeout is less than session timeout, then the authentication timeout setting is ignored and session timeout is used instead.


Platform-Independent Problems

Numerous assemblies are missing

Problem Description:

After deploying an application with Xcopy, you find numerous assemblies missing from the Windows Forms application folder or ASP.NET Web Forms application Bin subfolder.

Solution:

Open the application solution at the Developer Workstation and check that you have correctly followed all the pre-deployment steps from the Xcopy Deployment of a Windows Forms Application or Xcopy Deployment of an ASP.NET Web Forms Application lesson.

Note

Use the Assembly Deployment Tool to analyze your project and obtain the list of assemblies you should deploy. Compare the assemblies the tool identifies to the redistributable assemblies list available in the End User License Agreement (EULA).


“The application cannot connect to the specified database” error is displayed

Problem Description:

The following error message is displayed when you run the application.

Deployment_Tutorial_1080 Deployment_Tutorial_0065

The application cannot connect to the specified database, because the latter does not exist or its version is older than that of the application. The automatic update is disabled, because the application was started without debugging. You should start the application under Visual Studio, or modify the source code of the ‘DatabaseVersionMismatch’ event handler to enable an automatic database update, or manually create a database using the ‘DBUpdater’ tool.

Solution:

To find out what is wrong with the application database, use the DBUpdater tool. If the DBUpdater reports an error, check if it is described later in this topic.

See also: Set Up the Database Connection


The ‘1111’ error occurs when running the application or DBUpdater

Problem Description:

The following error message is displayed when running the application or DBUpdater tool.

DTG_04

An error with number 1111 has occurred. Error message: The database version is greater than the application version. The application needs to be updated. Please contact your system administrator or download a new version. Additional information: the local version 1.0.3603.18312 of module ‘MySolutionModule’ is smaller than version 1.0.3603.21783 in the database.

Solution:

One possible reason for a version mismatch is that you restored the database from the Developer Workstation backup and did not update the application. Another possible reason is that you updated the database from another End-User Workstation running a more recent application version. In both cases, you need to update your application.

See also: Application Update


The application cannot connect to the database, although the DBUpdater reports no error

Problem Description:

The following error message is displayed when you run the application.

DTG_05

An error has occurred connecting to database. Please contact your system administrator.

At the same time, the DBUpdater tool reports no error.

Solution:

A possible reason is that the application does not have sufficient permissions to access the application database. Confirm that the account used to connect to the Database Server is provided with proper permissions or ask the database administrator to do it. Another solution is to switch to an account having proper permissions.

See also: Set Up the Database Connection


The DBUpdater reports that the database does not exist

Problem Description:

The DBUpdater reports:

Deployment_Tutorial_0070

The database does not exist. It will be created now.

Database update completed successfully.

Solution:

This behavior is normal when creating an initial database. The database mentioned in the connection string was absent and the DBUpdater created it. Restore the database from a backup if you need specific data in the created database or check the connection string - you may be connecting to a different database.

See also: Set Up the Database Connection


The DBUpdater reports the ‘1110’ error

Problem Description:

The following error message is displayed when running the DBUpdater tool.

Deployment_Tutorial_0071

An error with number 1110 has occurred. Error message: The database is an older version than the application. The database needs to be updated.

Solution:

  • The database is empty. Press ENTER and the DBUpdater will populate it with initial data.
  • The application was updated, so the database must be updated as well. Press ENTER and the DBUpdater will fix this issue.

See also: Application Update


The DBUpdater cannot update the database as it cannot connect to the database server

Problem Description:

The following error message is displayed when running the DBUpdater tool.

DTG_06

The database cannot be updated: An error has occurred while establishing a connection to the server.

Solution:

The possible reasons are:

  • network failure;
  • incorrect connection string;
  • Database Server is not running;
  • Database Server does not allow remote connections.

Ask the Database Server administrator for assistance if required.

See also: Set Up the Database Connection


The DBUpdater cannot update the database due to invalid credentials

Problem Description:

The following error message is displayed when running the DBUpdater tool.

DTG_07

The database cannot be updated: Login failed for the user ‘username’.

Solution:

The possible reasons are:

  • incorrect connection string (a mistyped user ID);
  • Database Server does not allow ‘username’ user to connect to a specified database.

Check that the account used to connect to the database has the proper permissions. Ask the Database Server administrator for assistance, if required.

See also: Set Up the Database Connection


Performance issues when working with a large amount of data

Problem Description:

List Views with thousands of records load too slowly.

Solution:

See also: CollectionSourceBase.DataAccessMode | Webinar: Profiling an XAF application with XPO Profiler | Connect the XPO Profiler to a .NET Core application


The “An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format” error occurs when starting the DBUpdater or standalone Model Editor tool on an x64 system

Problem Description:

The DBUpdater or Model Editor tool states that it cannot load your application’s assembly or executable; for example:

Developer Express Inc (R) ExpressApp Framework Database Updater.

Version: 24.1.7.0

Copyright (C) Developer Express Inc 2012. All rights reserved.

Silent mode OFF

The database can't be updated:

Could not load file or assembly 'c:\Program Files\MySolution\MySolution.Win.exe' or one of its dependencies.

An attempt was made to load a program with an incorrect format.

Solution:

To fix this issue, do one of the following:

  • Reconfigure DBUpdater and Model Editor executable headers using CorFlags.exe (CorFlags Conversion Tool).

    CorFlags.exe "%PROGRAMFILES%\DevExpress 24.1\Components\Tools\eXpressAppFramework\DBUpdater\DBUpdater.v24.1.exe" /32Bit+ /Force

    CorFlags.exe "%PROGRAMFILES%\DevExpress 24.1\Components\Tools\eXpressAppFramework\Model Editor\DevExpress.ExpressApp.ModelEditor.v24.1.exe" /32Bit+ /Force

  • Change you application’s configuration to ‘Any CPU’, recompile, and redeploy it.

  • Recompile the DBUpdater and Model Editor utility against x64 (sources are located in the %PROGRAMFILES%\DevExpress 24.1\Components\Sources\DevExpress.ExpressApp.Tools\ folder, by default).

See the BadImageFormatException Class article in MSDN for the full list of scenarios or situations where this error can occur.


If this document does not contain sufficient information on how to resolve your issue, feel free to contact Developer Express support engineers at the Support Center.

See Also